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Modern History of Estonia – Livonian War and Swedish Rule

In the 16th century, the Livonian Confederation, the Russian Kingdom, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), the Swedish and Danish kingdoms entered into a...

Estonia as Part of The Livonian Confederation – Terra Mariana

A feudal system was formed on the lands of the order. The feudal lords were German knights, bishops and a few Estonian elders who...

History of Estonia During the Medieval Period

The period of the spread of Christianity in the beginning of the XIII century to the Livonian War (1558) is considered to be the...

Early Middle Ages of Estonia & Early Christian Period

The name "Estonia" first mentioned by Cassiodorus in his Letters (Book. V, Letters 1-2). It is a controversial question about the territory inhabited by the...

Medieval History of Algeria

In the 7th century, Arabs invaded Algeria and the country's territory became part of the Arab Caliphate. Islamization occurred (and later - Arabization) of...

Medieval History of Morocco

Morocco as part of the Arab Caliphate By the beginning of the VIII century, Morocco was inhabited by Berber tribes from the Sanhaj group: Gomara...

Burgundian Dynasty of Portugal 1139 – 1383 Years

Reconquista The founder of the state is Afonso I. On July 25, 1139, he won a tremendous victory at Ourique, after which his soldiers proclaimed...

Ancient and Early Medieval History of Portugal

Lusitania (Roman province) In Roman times, the history of modern Portugal is difficult to separate from the history of Spain. In 159 - 135 years B.C....

First Italian War – Italian War of 1494–1498

Pope Innocent VIII, being in conflict with the Neapolitan king Fernando I, by the bull of September 11, 1489 excommunicated the latter from the...

Battle of Pavia

In 1521, the third period of the Italian wars began - the struggle of France against the coalition of Spain and the Holy Roman...

Completion of the Italian Wars

The Third War of Francis I and Charles V (1536–1538) The capture of Rome in 1527, the successes of the Reformation in Germany and the...

War of the Cognac League – Italian Wars

The vast empire of Charles V expanded. From the very beginning of his rule (1519), he claimed the rights to Milan and Burgundy. To...

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