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Historical Period

Ancient and Early Medieval History of Portugal

Lusitania (Roman province) In Roman times, the history of modern Portugal is difficult to separate from the history of Spain. In 159 - 135 years B.C....

Prehistoric Iberia – Paleolithic Period

Geographical conditions When studying the history of the Iberian Peninsula, one should take into account the orographic and climatic features that influenced the historical development...

First Italian War – Italian War of 1494–1498

Pope Innocent VIII, being in conflict with the Neapolitan king Fernando I, by the bull of September 11, 1489 excommunicated the latter from the...

Battle of Pavia

In 1521, the third period of the Italian wars began - the struggle of France against the coalition of Spain and the Holy Roman...

Completion of the Italian Wars

The Third War of Francis I and Charles V (1536–1538) The capture of Rome in 1527, the successes of the Reformation in Germany and the...

War of the Cognac League – Italian Wars

The vast empire of Charles V expanded. From the very beginning of his rule (1519), he claimed the rights to Milan and Burgundy. To...

The Italian War (1521–1526) – Four Years War

Background In 1518, the world established in Western Europe after the battle of Marignano staggered. The cause of contention between the leading powers was the...

War of the Cambrai League – Franco-Venetian Union (1513-1516)

The French king Louis the whole of 1512 tried to separate Venice from the Holy League, and in the fall he succeeded. Negotiations continued...

Second Italian War – Italian War of 1499–1504

Milanese Prelude Louis XII, like his predecessor (Charles VIII, who died in 1498), had dynastic claims for the crowns of Naples and Milan (he presented...

War of the Cambrai League – Holy League (1511–1513)

Returning to Rome, the pope decided to create a new union, which would include, together with the papal state, Venice, Spain, England and, if...

War of the Cambrai League – Venetian-Papal Union (1510-1511)

The causes of the war At the turn of the 15th – 16th centuries, Venice still did not feel the full consequences of the Great...

Byzantine-Norman Wars

By 1057, a significant part of Calabria and a number of cities along the coast of Apulia remained under Byzantium rule. The expulsion of...

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