The City of Nicaea
The crusade’s first objective was the city of Nicaea. The capital of the Turkish sultanate, Nicaea was an important strategic location...
Overview of this Period
This period witnessed great agricultural expansion, which made possible considerable population growth, which in turn contributed to the rise and growth...
The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, was a polyglot, multiethnic, polysectarian state, at the head of which was the emperor (basileus, autokrator), whose...
Sound-producing sand avalanches
Sound-producing sand grains constitute one of nature’s more puzzling and least understood physical phenomena. They occur naturally in two distinct types: booming...
X. The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire , also known as the Portuguese Overseas, was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and...
What is Alchemy ?
Alchemy was not merely misguided chemistry; it made many contributions to chemistry. Alchemy was, however, a magical or mystical way of...
Early Surgery
Surgery is perhaps the oldest form of medicine. The practice of making holes in the skull, or trephining, is prehistoric, while one of...
1.Childbirth
Today we have the miracles that are called "ultrasound scan", and "fetal monitoring". The risk of a mother or her child being injured during...
1. They weren't all nobles, peasants or priests
Many medieval writers describe their society divided into three orders or three classes. There were the priests...
