Background
In 1518, the world established in Western Europe after the battle of Marignano staggered. The cause of contention between the leading powers was the...
Milanese Prelude
Louis XII, like his predecessor (Charles VIII, who died in 1498), had dynastic claims for the crowns of Naples and Milan (he presented...
In 999, Norman pilgrims, returning from the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, landed in Salerno, where they were hospitably received by Prince Guaimar III. At...
The first invasion
The first officially organized invasion of North Africa by the Caliphate began in 647. After leaving Medina, 20,000 Arabs joined in Memphis...
The first invasion
It began with the conquest of the Middle East. Byzantium lost the Levant, and the Sassanid state lost Mesopotamia.
The confrontation with Byzantium...
